作者：Gil, S., Su, Y., Diyi, P., Ayub, G., Jing, G., Ijaz, J. & Jian, T.

Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly threatened by urbanization, agricultural intensification, industrial expansion, and climate change, necessitating robust and context-specific surface water quality models. This review comprehensively assesses seven widely applied models-AQUATOX, CE-QUAL-W2, Delft3D, EFDC, MIKE21, SWAT, and WASP-by comparing their hydrodynamic and water quality frameworks, ecological process representations, and applicability across lakes, reservoirs, and riverine systems. The literature from 2000 to 2025 was reviewed to identify research coverage for each model using targeted keyword combinations. Although the distinct capabilities of these models are well recognized, this synthesis advances current understanding by critically examining their process formulations, dimensional configurations, and computational demands, as well as their performance in data-scarce and complex environments. The comparative analysis reveals clear trade-offs among model complexity, data requirements, calibration intensity, and predictive reliability, stressing that model choice should correspond to system scale, management goals, and resource availability. Emerging directions, such as integrating mechanistic models with artificial intelligence and employing hybrid modeling frameworks, show strong potential to enhance calibration efficiency, model interoperability, and real-world usability. Overall, the findings provide a practical decision-support basis for researchers and policymakers to improve model integration, encourage open-source innovation, and strengthen sustainable freshwater management practices.

淡水生态系统正日益受到城市化、农业集约化、工业扩张和气候变化的威胁，因此亟需稳健且契合具体情境的地表水质模型。本文全面评估了七种应用广泛的模型——AQUATOX、CE-QUAL-W2、Delft3D、EFDC、MIKE21、SWAT和WASP——比较了它们的水动力与水质框架、生态过程表征，以及在湖泊、水库和河流系统中的适用性。通过针对性的关键词组合，本研究回顾了2000年至2025年的文献，以明确各模型的研究覆盖情况。尽管这些模型的独特能力已获广泛认可，但本综述通过批判性地审视其过程公式表述、维度配置和计算需求，以及它们在数据稀缺和复杂环境中的表现，进一步推进了当前的认识。对比分析揭示了模型复杂性、数据需求、校准强度和预测可靠性之间的明显权衡，强调模型选择应与系统尺度、管理目标和可用资源相匹配。新兴方向，如将机理模型与人工智能相结合以及采用混合建模框架，显示出提升校准效率、模型互操作性和实际可用性的巨大潜力。总体而言，这些发现为研究人员和决策者改进模型集成、鼓励开源创新和加强可持续淡水管理实践提供了实用的决策支持依据。

（来源：Journal of Hydrology 2026  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.134906）